Stream of Consciousness in the novel ‘ To The Lighthouse’

Paper              The Modernist Literature

Topic                          Stream of Consciousness in 
                       the novel ‘To The Lighthouse’

Name              Avani N. Dave  

Roll No.           2

Class               M.A. Sem. 3

Submitted to    Dr. Dilip Barad  

                       Department of English

                       MK.Bhavnagar University

                  

     

 Introduction

                        Virginia woolf, one of the prominent representative Of Modernist novelist in England, has contributed significantly to the development of modern novel in both theory and practice. She abandoned traditional fictional devices and formulated her own distinctive techniques. The novels of woolf tend to be less concerned with outward reality than with the inner life. Her masterpiece, to the Lighthouse, serves as an excellent sample in analyzing woolf’s literary theory and her experimental techniques. 

Origin of the Word

                                  The phrase “Stream of Consciousness” was coined by William James 1 to describe the flow of thoughts of the waking mind. Subsequently his phrase began to be used in a literary context to describe the narrative method by which certain novelists have described the unspoken thoughts and feelings of their characters, without resorting to objectives description or conventional dialogue. James Joyce was a pioneer in using this technique in his novels of which the best known are Ulysses and The Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. And this technique was also used by Virginia Woolf. The related phrase “interior monologue” is used to describe the inner movement of Consciousness in a character’s mind. A famous example of the interior monologue is the opening pages of Mrs.  Dalloway. The use of devices of the stream of Consciousness and the interior monologue marks a revolution in the form of the novel because through these devices the author can represent the flux of a character’s thoughts, impressions, and emotions and reminiscences, often without any logical Sequence.

        

 Virginia Woolf and To The Lighthouse

                                   When we mention Virginia Woolf’s ‘To The Lighthouse’, it’s very natural to talk about her stream of consciousness technique. In this novel, the structure of external objective events is demised in scope and scale, or almost e completely dissolved. It is composed of the continual activity of characters’ consciousness and shower of impressions. External events occupy little space in the novel the writer as an omniscient narrator has almost completely vanished and almost everything stated appears by the way of reflection in the consciousness of the dramatic characters and the novel does not progress on “what – happens – next” basis, but rather moves forward through a series of scenes arranged according to a sequence of selected moments of consciousness and the techniques to which Mrs. Woolf mainly employs are interior and free association. 

Interior Monologue in ‘To The Lighthouse’

                                  Virginia Woolf, among the stream of consciousness writers relies most on the indirect interior monologue and she uses it with great skill. In ‘To the Light House’ Virginia Woolf succeeds in producing a much subtle effect through the use of this technique. This novel contains a great deal of straight, conventional narration and description but the interior monologue is used often enough to give the novel its special character of seeming to be always within the consciousness of the chief characters. Virginia Woolf says in her essay Modern Fiction:

“Let’s record the atom as they fall upon the mind in the order in which they fall. Let’s stress the pattern however disconnected and incoherent in appearances, which each sight or incident scores upon the consciousness.”

This is the best description in her method. Let’s examine the following passage in the first chapter of part one. 

 

                            For how would you like to be shut up for a whole month at a time, and possibly more in stormy weather, upon a rock the size of a tennis lawn? She would ask; not to know how your children were if they were ill, if they had fallen down and broken their legs or arms; to see the some dreary waves breaking weak after weak and then a dreadful storm coming and the windows covered with spray, and birds dashed agonized the land and the whole place rocking, and not able to put your nose out of doors for fear of being swept into the sea? How would you like that she asked?

                     

                                     The passage above is represented in the manner of straight narration by the author but it is clearly what the character feels and thinks and it reflects the character’s consciousness and inner thoughts. In this passage Woolf facilitates the indirect interior monologues with her unique skills. Firstly, she uses the conjunction “for” as an indication of the beginning of this monologue and produces an easy and natural swift from objective description to the character’s interior monologue, secondly, she presents Mrs. Ramsay’s consciousness by guiding phrases “She would ask” and “She asked” to make the reader wonder about unheard in Mrs. Ramsay’s consciousness. Thirdly, here she employs semicolons to indicate the continuation of the consciousness. The use of semicolons is characterized Woolf’s skill in dealing with indirect interior monologue, as she also shown in this novel.

                                      In the case of indirect interior monologue the omniscient author’s continuous intervention is essential to guide the reader in reading and the character’s mind. The use of frequent parenthesis can be signals of digression and of simultaneity as this one:

             “Teaching and preaching human power, Lily suspected.(She was putting is beyond away things.)”Parenthesis can also be little aside, explanations, pointers to what is going on. Lily in this passage is thinking about Mr.Bankes:

        “I respect you (she addressed him silently). In every atom; you are not vain: you are entirely impersonal; you are finer than Mr.Ramsay. You are the finest human being that I know; you have neither wife nor child (without any sexual feeling, she longed to cherish that loneliness) you live for science (involuntarily section of potatoes and rose before her eyes); praise would an insult to you; generous, pure hearted heroic man!”

        Here the parenthesis signal sudden and momentary switches in perspective, the narrative is thrown backward and forward.

                        With her unique devices, such as guiding phrases, semicolons, and parenthesis embroidered to her interior monologue, Virginia Woolf successfully overcomes the short comings of stream of consciousness novel of being incoherent and chaotic, and achieves great explicitness, coherence, vividness and surface unity in presenting the character’s inner world. However, it should be noted that her presentation of the character’s interior monologue is not only coherent in meaning, but also conventional in appearance. 

Free Association

Virginia Woolf rightly speaks in the support of her technique in these words:

“Life is not a series of gig lamps symmetrically arranged; life is a luminous halo, a semi-transparent envelope surrounding us from the beginning of consciousness to the end.”

 

Free Association in To the Light House

               In To the Light House, woolf usually encloses free association into the indirect interior monologue to represent the psychic process of her characters. We may take the 7.10^th chapter of the first part of To the Light House as an example.

                          The continuity of the section is established through an exterior occurrence involving Mrs. Ramsay and James: Mrs.Ramsay tells James the story of the Fisherman’s wife. After consoling her despair-stricken husband, Mrs. Ramsay began to read the story to James. Here her narration of the incidents is not coherent and she describes the events of her life without having the continuity and order of the actions. At that time, the stroke of the lighthouse came into her eyes. Then Mildred came into fetch them and here chapter 10 ends.

There are some Sources of unity which helps the Story they are:

Isolation

                        A number of devices have been used to impart structural unity to the novel. First, she has introduction only a limited number of characters, and they have been isolated in a remote island away from society. Further, out of this isolated group, she has focused attention only on two or three personalities, and exploited their stream of Consciousness alone. Mr. and Mrs. Ramsay, and lily Briscoe are the main figures. Other is only of a Secondary importance.

The Role of the Central Intelligence

                    

                      Secondly, the readers are not placed directly within the minds of characters, as in the modern psychological novel, but the central intelligence of the novelist is constantly at work as the narrator, controlling and organizing the material, and illuminating it with its comments, and order emerges out of chaos.

Lily’s Painting

                                          Lily’s painting is another device by which the novelist has patterned her material. The novel begins with Lily her easel and her paints and brush on the laws of the Ramsay’s Summer House, and it ends with her having her vision and completing her picture.

The Lighthouse

                

                                The Lighthouse is another important source of unity in the novel. It shines throughout at a distance, and all the lines of the novel Converge towards it. The expedition to the lighthouse is planned in part I, and it is actually undertaken in part.III.

Emotional Unity

                                   To the Lighthouse may not have a logical unity, a logical sequence of Cause and effect, it is have a unity of a higher and stronger kind i.e. emotional unity. Jean Guiguet has considered the point in detail, and we may be excused for quoting from him at length;

                                     

                        “Lily Briscoe, painting on the lawn, from time to time costs a glance towards the bay to watch the boat on which Mr. Ramsay, James and Cam are sailing. But this link is purely eternal; the real unity of the sections lies in the Coincidence of Project and thought me the Completion of Lily’s Canvas, the fulfillment of James’ plan. It is not so very important that Lily sees the sails fall and Flap; what common is their common immobility: “Life stands still here, and “The boat made no motion at all.”

                       And further on, the mixture of charm and tyranny in Mr. Ramsay occupies the thoughts of Lily, and so on the end, where Mr. Ramsay’s unexpressed vision is identified with Lily’s- his defeat and triumph. The brackets enclosing the brief section 7 and 10 irresistibly recall the events inserted in the same fashion in Time Passes. Like these, they are hard kernels of a different nature to the flux out of which they emerge. The mutilated fish interrupting Lily’s tragic cry, the sea having apparently swallowed up the little boat and obliterated the lives of the passengers while, all the time, James, Mr. Ramsay and Cam purse their own train of thought. But heterogeneous as they are, these observations, like the events in time passes, have a secret relationship with the context that they seem to interrupt. The mutilation and survival of the fish is, at the same time, the survival of Mrs. Ramsay and the mutilation of Lily’s universe peace evoked by the scene she is contemplating emphasize the remoteness of the past which the occupants of the boat are remembering and the feeling of reconciliation which is doing amongst them at this movement.

  Conclusion:

                             Thus, seeing all the characteristics of the novel ‘To the Light House’ and comparing it with all contents of the stream of consciousness technique. It is clearly noticeable that Mrs. Ramsay has used the stream of constructional lines of one person to that of another. There is very little complication ‘To the Light House’ is a masterpiece of construction. Woolf has given form and coherence to her material all the characters also proven all This by their interior monologue and their behavior.

The Scarlet Letter as the story of Sin, Crime and Punishmnent.

The Scarlet Letter as 

the story of Sin, Crime and Punishmnent.

Paper              American Literature

Name              Avani N. Dave

Roll No.           2

Class               M.A. Sem. 3

Submitted to   Dr. Dilip Barad

                      Department of  English

                      MK. Bhavnagar

                      University

                                  

                              

                       

                       

                         ‘ The Scarlet Letter ’ is a book which deals with the consequences of the sin of adultery in the lives of three people most affected by it. The pair of illicit lovers and the aggrieved husband. It is an outrage of one individual against another and against the social code of ethics. In the Bible it has been written ;

            

              “ Thou shalt not commit adultery ”.

                      

                       It is God’s seventh commandment and those who violate it are sinners. ‘The Scarlet Letter’ is a story of sin also. This is why Hester and0 Dimmesdale who have committed adultery cannot be forgiven. ‘ The Scarlet Letter ’ takes us to the early days of puritan settlement at Massachusetts. The book derives the title from the custom strictly practiced by the puritan settlers, that a woman caught in adultery was to wear the letter ‘A’ embroidered in Scarlet on her dress.

 

                              The novel begins with a scene in a summer morning n Boston a young woman, Hester Prynne, stands at the scaffold in the market place of Boston. She stands in disgrace and tries to hide the Scarlet letter ‘A’ on her gown by holding her child close. Hester, a gentle woman, is made to endure this shame as she has borne a child, while her husband has been lost at sea for a long time. Hester watches the crowd that stares at her with scornful eyes. That is why it is mentioned about Hester, by Hawthorne, 

              “ ‘The Scarlet Letter’ was her passport into regions where other women dare not tread. Shame, despair, solitude ! these had been her teachers – Stern had wild once and they had made her strong, but, taught her much amiss.”
                        

                         Thus, people see Hester as a morally degraded woman and expressed hatred her. The chief minister and Dimmesdale urge her to confess the name of her lover who should be sharing her but Hester remains silent. Seeing his wife on the scaffold, he decides to conceal his identity and hastily puts his finger to his lips to warn Hester against betraying the slightest sign of recognition.

                         

                                          After the time fixed for the public disgrace, Hester is taken back to the prison. A doctor is called not attend her and it turns out to be none other than her husband who has assumed the name of Chillingworth. He tries to get the name of Hester’s lover, but when she refuses to tell him, swears that he will stay in town practicing medicine, and will sooner or later find out the guilty one. He befriends the clergyman Dimmesdale and while treating the minister, the physician warned out the hidden secret from him, namely that he is the father of Hester’s child Pearl. The soul of dimmesdale in shame and agony tries to find relief in vague confession of guilt which his congregation takes to the further evidence of his righteousness and humility. One night the tortured young man walks to the scaffold where Hester had stood alone, with her child. This significant gesture is observed by Chillingworth and its meaning is certainly not lost upon him.

                           

                          Hester seeing what soul-destroying effect Chillingworth has on Dimmesdale, pleads with her husband to be merciful to the young man BUT Chillingworth knows no mercy. Together Hester and Dimmesdale make a desperate plan to flee to the old world. They decide to leave on Election Day after the sermon preached by Dimmesdale. The church being full, Hester and Pearl stand at the scaffold hearing the young ministers sermon. After the sermon the procession moves out of the church and Dimmesdale walks like a man in a dream. He sees Hester and Pearl and taking them by the hand, climbs the steps to the pillory. In  a deep and impressive voice he proclaims, his guilt to the astounded congregation tearing open his ministrial band he exposes his chest to the gaze of the people. There is seen the Scarlet letter ‘A’ imprinted on the flesh. Dimmesdale falls dead on the platform.

                        Chillingworth’s pursuit of revenge is thus over. Frustrated by this open confession of the minister which Chlingworth tried hard to prevent, the physician dies within the year leaving his wealth to Pearl. Hester leaves the colony for a while, but returns later to become a ministering angel to those in distress. ‘The Scarlet Letter’ on her gown is transfigured into an object of reverence, because of her goodness and kindness, when she dies, her wish is that her tomb should be inscribed only with the latter  ‘A’ which she no longer takes to be a token of her sin.

                       

                                 Dimmesdale is a greater sinner than Hester. First he goes against the purity of his profession; secondly he tries to conceal his crime from the public. He adds hypocrisy to his sin. His conscience allows him no rest; he gets constant trouble from his soul. As for him, the “burden “ of his sin gives 

   “  sympathise so intimate with the sinful brotherhood of mankind, so that his heart vibrates in unison with theirs. ”

                             He is restless and peace less, he cannot sleep soundly: he can not sit or study peacefully in his rooms; he burns midnight oil over writing sermons, he keeps fast and vigils; he scourges himself when he is all alone. Dimmesdale, tormented by his awareness of his own sin is another remarkable study in psychology. The secret of his sin burns within him, prompting him to confess yet he is afraid to reveal himself for what he is. Thus, he goes deeper and deeper into the pit of sin for he violets the puritan belief that  ‘ a man must be true confessor. ’

                               Chillingworth is the greatest sinner. He is made to represent Hawthorne’s ideas of the unpardonable sinner. Arthur Dimmesdale tells Hester about Chillingworth in the forest, 

            “May God forgive us both ! we are not, Hester the worst sinner in the world. There is one worse than ever the polluted priest ! that old man’s revenge has been blacken than my sin. He has been violeted in cold blood, the sanctity of a human heart. Thou and I, Hester never did so !"

                    

                            He is cut out admirably for the role of a man who commits this sin. The way in which he broods over revenge and marks down his victim, and drives him steadily to self-destruction is made very creditable when he learns of Hester’s shame, he denies his very identity and pursues revenge. The character of Chillingworth is made all the more sinister by making him an expert in black magic. He is shown also as one devoted to cold science.

                       

                              The shadow of the parents’ sin can be seen hovering over the child of Hester that is Pearl. She is a born misfit of the infantile world. She is to become a problem child. Pearl tells Hester in the forest, 

       “  Mother, the sunshine does not love you. It runs away and hides itself, because it is afraid of something on your bossom .. It will not flee from me, for I wear nothing on my bossom yet. ”

                          

                         She constantly reminds her mother about her sin or crime, done in past, so Hester speaks for Pearl.

          “ Oh, Father in heaven if thou art still my father. What is this being that I have brought into the world. ’’

                            Thus, ‘The Scarlet Letter’ is a tragic story of Sin, Crime and Punishment. Hawthorne’s concept of evil and sin was a puritan heritage, it was the constant theme in ‘The Scarlet Letter’ , the consequences of guilt are primarily psychological in nature. A sense of guilt generates a feeling of loneliness and the author shows how painful is Hester’s loneliness.

Conclusion :

                        

                                Thus, from the deeds of all the characters in ‘The Scarlet Letter’, the novel can be seen as Crime committed by them,  and the situations they are facing that is like their punishment . The Scarlet Letter is an exemplification of the theme of Crime and Punishment  It is mainly the story of Crime, say sexual crime , and the consequences arising therefrom. The act of adultery is certainly a crime against the individual, be that individual, the wronged wife or a husband  Similarly it is also a crime against society, for it involves that violation of a moral code formulated and honored by that society. Adultery has been branded as immoral in all civilized communities of the world. So we can say that the life Hester lived, Dimmesdale also face inner guilt all these shows it as the novel of Sin Crime and Punishment.

An Introduction to Edward said’s Orientalism

Post Colonial Literature

Topic               An Introduction to Edward said’s 

                       Orientalism  

Name              Avani N. Dave

Roll No.           2

Class               M.A. Sem. 3

Submitted to    Shree S.B.Gardi

                       Department of English

                       MK. Bhavnagar University

                       Bhavnagar

                                  

Orientalism is ‘a manner of regularized writing, vision, and study, dominated by imperatives, perspectives, and ideological biases ostensibly suited to the Orient.’ It is the image of the ‘Orient’ expressed as an entire system of thought and scholarship.

Introduction to Edward said’s Orientalism

                                    

                                  Edward Said discusses all about Ideals that world is built on ideas. He evaluates tents of examples of western Orientalist, statesmen, writers, military and political leaders . “Orientalism” by Edward Said is Canonical text of cultural studies in which he challenged the Concept of Orientalism or the difference between east and west; as he puts it. He says that with start of European Colonization the Europeans came in contact with lesser developed Countries of the east. They found their civilization and culture very exotic, and established the science of Orientalism, which was the study of the Orientals or the people from these exotic civilizations.

The book are in three chapter

Chapter 1

The Scope of Orientalism

(1) Knowing the Oriental

(2) Imaginative Geography and its Representation:

     Oriental sings the Oriental.

(3) Projects.

(4) Crisis.

Chapter 2

Orientalist Structures and Restructures

(1)  Redrawn Frontiers, Redefined issues, Secularized n

      Religion

(2)  Silvestre de Stacy and Ernest Renan: Rational  

       Anthropology and Philological.

(3)  Oriental Residence and Scholarship: The  

      Requirements of Lexicography and

(4)  Pilgrims and Pilgrimages, British and French

Chapter - 3

Orientalism now

(1)  Latent and Manifest Orientalism

(2)  Style, Expertise, Vision; Orientalism   World illness

(3)  Modern Anglo: French Orientalism in its fullest Flower

(4)  The Latest phase.

Chapters in Deapth :

Chepter : 1

 ‘The Scope of Orientalism’

                                   In this Section Said outlines his argument with several caveats as to how it may be flawed. He States that it fails to include Russian Orientalism  and explicitly excludes German Orientalism, which he suggests had “clean “ Pasts(Said 1978: 2 and 4),and could be promising future studies. Said also suggests that not all academic discourse in the west has to be orient list in its intent but much of it is. He also suggests that all cultures have a view of other cultures that may be exotic and harmless to some extent, but it is not this view that he argues against and when this view is taken by a military and economically dominant culture against another it can lead to disastrous results.

Chepter – 2

Orientalist Structures and Restructures

                                          In this chapter Said outlines how Orientalist discourse was transferred from Country to Country and Political leader to author. He suggests that this discourse was set up as a foundation for all further study and discourse of the Orient by the occident.

                                              

He States that

                              “The four elements I have described expansion, historical Confrontation, sympathy, classification are the Currents in eighteenth century thought on whose presence the specific intellectual and institutional structures of modern Orientalism depend.”

                                Further travelers and academics of the East depended on this discourse for their own education, and so the Orientalist discourse the West over and East was passed down through European Writers and politician (and therefore through all European)

Chapter – 3

    ‘Orientalism now’

                    This chapter starts off by telling us that how the geography of the world was shaped by the Colonization of the Europeans. There was a quest for geographical knowledge which formed the base of Orientalism.

                     The author then talks about the changing approach to Orientalism in 20^th century. The main difference was that where the earlier Orientalist was more of silent observers the new Orientalist took a part in the everyday life of the orients. The earlier oriental lists did not interact a lot with the orients, whereas the new orients lived with them as if they were one of them . This was not out of appreciation of their lifestyle but was to know more about the orients in order to rule them properly. Lawrence of Arabia was one of such Orient lists.

                      Then Edward said goes on to talk about two other Scholars Massignon and Gibb. Though Massignon was a bit liberal with Oriental lists and often tried to protect their rights, there was still inherited biased found him for the Orientals, which can be seen in his work. With the changing world situation especially after World War I, Orientalism took a more liberal stance towards most of its subjects, but Islamic Orientalism did not enjoy this status. There were Constant attacks to show Islam as a weak religion, and a mixture of many religions and thoughts. Gibb was the most famous Islamic Orientalists of this time.               

                          After World War I the centre of Orientalism moved from Europe to USA. One important transformed (transformation) that took place during this time was instance of relating it to Philology and it was related to social science now. All the orientalists study the Orientals to assist their Government to come up with Policies for dealing with the orient Countries. With the end of World War 2, all the Europeans Colonies were lost; and it was believed that there were no more Orientals and Occident, but this was surely not the case. Western prejudice towards eastern Countries was still very explicit, and often they managed to generalize most of the eastern Countries because of it. For example Arabs were often represented as cruel and violent people. Japanese were always considered to be terrorists, thus, this goes on to show that even with increasing globalization and awareness, such bias was found in the people of the developed Countries.

                        Edward Said conclude his book by saying that he is not saying that the Orientalists should not make generalization, or they should include the orient perspective too, but creating a boundary at the first place is something which should not be done.

                        Hereby the presenter has narrowed down her discussion to the first part of the book Orientalism that is scope of Orientalism in study sub-chapter.

 Chapter- 1

                     The Scope of Orientalism         

1.  Knowing the oriental    

Introduction :         

                          On June 13, 1910, Arthur James Balfour lectured the House of Commons on “the Problems with which we have to deal in Egypt”. Then, he said, “Belong to a wholly different category.” Than those” affecting the Isle of Wight or the west Riding of Yorkshire.”

   

                           During his involvement in imperial affairs Belfour Serve a monarch who in 1876 had been declared Empress of India; he had been especially well placed in position of uncommon influence to follow the Afghan and Zulu wars, the British occupation of Egypt in 1882, the death of General Gordon in the Sudan, the Russo- Japanese war.               

                           Two great themes dominate his remarks here and in what will follow: Knowledge and Power, the Bacon an themes. As Balfour justifies the necessity for British occupation of Egypt, Supremacy in his mind is associated with”our” knowledge of Egypt and not principally with military or economic power. Knowledge to Balfour means rising above immediacy, beyond self, into Foreign and distant. The object of such knowledge in inherently Vulnerable to scrutiny; this object is a “fact” which, it develops, changes or otherwise transforms itself in the way that civilizations frequently do, nevertheless is fundamentally, even ontologically stable.  

                                              

Balfour must then go on to the next part of argument

                             It is a good thing for these great nations – I admire their greatness – that this absolute Government should be exercised by us? I think it is a good thing. I think that experience shows that they have got under it far better government that in the whole history of the world they ever had before, and which not only is a benefit to them, but it undoubtedly a benefit to the whole to the civilized west……. We are Egypt not merely for the sake of the Egyptians/ though we are these for their sake; we are there also for the sake of Europe at large.

                       Balfour produces no evidence that Egyptians and “the races with whom we deal.”Appreciate or even understand the good that is being done them by Colonial occupation. It does not occur to Balfour , however, to let the Egyptian speak for himself , since presumably any Egyptian who would speak out is more likely to be “ the agitator (Who) wishes to raise difficulties” than the good native who overlooks the “difficulties” of foreign domination. 

                               England knows Egypt; Egypt is what England knows: England knows that Egypt cannot have self-government; England confirms that by occupying Egypt; for the Egyptians, Egypt is what England has occupied and now governs; foreign occupation therefore become” the very basic” of Contemporary Egyptian civilization ; Egypt requires, indeed insist upon, British occupation. But is the special intimacy, between governor and governed in Egypt in disturbed by parliament’s doubts at home, then “the authority of what… is the dominant race and as I think ought to remain the dominant race – has been undermined.” Not only does English prestige suffer; “ It is vain for a handful of British officials – endow them how you like, give them all the qualities of character the genius you can imagine – it is impossible for them to carry out the great task which in Egypt, not we only, but the civilized world have imposed upon them.”

                   Cromer made Egypt, said Balfour :

                              Everything he has touched he has succeeded in … Lord Cromer’s Services during the past quarter of a century have raised Egypt from the lowest pitch of social and economic degradation until  now stands among oriental nation I believe , absolutely alone in its prosperity , financial and moral.

                               How Egypt’s moral prosperity was measured, Balfour did not venture to say. British exports to Egypt equaled those to the whole of Africa; that century indicated a sort of financial prosperity, for Egypt and England (some what) together.

                               How much “Serious Consideration”the ruler ought to give proposals from the subject race was illustrated in Cromer’s total opposition to Egyptian nationalism. Free native institutions, the absence of foreign occupation, a self-sustaining nation sovereignty:” these unsurprising demands were consistently rejected by Comer, who asserted unambiguously that the real future of Egypt …. Lies not in the direction of a narrow nationalism, which will only embrace native ‘Egyptians ….. But rather in that of an enlarged Cosmopolitanisms”.  

 Sir Alfred Lyall Once to Balfour :

                               “Accuracy is abhorrent to the Oriental mind. Every Anglo- Indian should always remember that maxim.” Want of accuracy, which easily degenerates into untruthfulness, is in fact the main characteristic of the Oriental mind.”

                                The European is a close reasoned; his statements of fact are devoid of any ambiguity; he is natural logician, albeit he may  not have studied logical; he is by nature skeptical and requires proof before he can accept the truth of any proposition; his trained intelligence works like a piece of mechanism. Many terms were used to express the relation: Balfour and Cromer, typically, used several.

                         The Oriental is irrational, depraved (fallen), childlike, “different”; Thus the European is rational, virtuous, mature,” normal.” In Cromer’s and Balfour’s language the oriental is depicted as something one judges (as in a Court of law), Something one studies depicts (as in Curriculum), Something one discipline (as in a school or prison), Something one illustrates(as in a Zoological manual).

                          An order of Sovereignty is set up from East to West, a mock chain of being whose clearest from given once by Kipling:

                           Mule, horse, elephant , or bullock, he obey his driver, and the driver his sergeant, and the sergeant his lieutenant, and the lieutenant his captain, and his Captain his major, and major his Colonel, and the Colonel his brigadier Commanding three regiments and the brigadier’s general who obeys the Viceroy, who , is the servant of the Empress.

                            As deeply forged as it is this monstrous chain of Command, as strongly managed as is Cromer’s “harmonious working,” Orientalism can also express the strength of the West and the Orient’s weakness- as seen by West. Such strength and such weakness are as intrinsic to Orientalism as they are to any view that divides the world into large. General divisions, entities that Coexist in a state of tension produced by what is believed to be radical difference.

                            For that is the main intellectual issue raised by Orientalism. Can one divide human reality, seems to be genuinely divide, into clearly different cultures, histories, traditions, societies, even races, and survive the Consequences humanly ? By surviving the Consequences humanly, I mean to ask whether there is any way of avoiding the hostility expressed by the division, say, of men into “us “(westerners) and “they” (Orientals).

                                “It is a notable fact that while the Arab value system demands absolute solidarity within the group, it at the same time encourages among its members a kind of rivalry that is destructive of that very solidarity” ; in Arab society only “ Success counts” and “the end justifies the means”; - Glidden

                                 Arabs live “naturally” in a world “characterized by anxiety, expressed in generalized suspicion and distrust, which has been labeled free- floating hostility;

                                “The art of subterfuge is highly developed in Arab life, as well as in Islam itself”:

                                 The Arab need for vengeance overrides everything, otherwise the Arab would feel “ ego-destroying “ shame. The purpose of this learned disquisition is merely to show how on the western and Oriental scale of values,

“The relative position of the elements is quite difference.” QED.

Conclusion :

                            

                        As we have seen,Orientalism is an indispensable Theory for those who are concernedwith cultural studies and post-colonialism. As such, the usual criticism directed to criticaltheory can be applied in criticizing.it does not offer an alternative for what it in criticizing. This is the apogee of Orientalist Confidence. No merely asserted generality is denied the dignity of truth; no theoretical list of Oriental attributes is without application to the behavior of Orientals in the real world. On the one hand there are westerns, and on the other there are Arab- Orientals; the former are rational, peaceful, liberal, logical, capable of holding real values, without natural suspicion; the latter are none of these things.